Certainly, here's a continuation of the explanation on the history of IP address limitations and the concept of non-routable address space:

IP Address Limitations and RFC 1918:

• Even in 1996, it was evident that the rapid growth of the Internet was not sustainable with the available number of IP addresses.
• The original IP standard defined IP addresses as 32-bit numbers, allowing for a total of 4,294,967,295 unique addresses.
• However, this number proved insufficient to accommodate the growing number of devices, including the estimated 7.5 billion humans on Earth as of 2017.
• Moreover, the IPv4 standard didn't account for the massive infrastructure required by large-scale technology companies.

RFC 1918: Non-Routable Address Space:

• RFC stands for "request for comments," and it's a longstanding process used to define and agree upon Internet standards.
• In 1996, RFC 1918 was published, which introduced the concept of non-routable address space.
• Non-routable address space refers to IP address ranges that are reserved for use within private networks and are not meant to be routed on the public Internet.
• It allows devices on these networks to communicate with each other but prevents core routers from forwarding traffic to these addresses.

Limitations and NAT (Network Address Translation):

• While non-routable address space might seem limiting, technologies like NAT (Network Address Translation) allow devices on these networks to communicate with the wider Internet.
• NAT enables multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address when communicating with external networks.
• NAT is a fundamental technology that helps alleviate the limitations posed by the shortage of IPv4 addresses.

Ranges of Non-Routable Address Space:

• RFC 1918 defined three ranges of IP addresses as non-routable address space: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16.
• These address ranges are reserved for internal use within private networks.
• The non-routable nature of these addresses means that routers within the core Internet will not forward traffic destined for these addresses.

Applicability within Autonomous Systems: